Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 5, Issue 5 , Pages 336-341 , October 2009

Controversies in the management of vesicoureteral reflux: The rationale for the RIVUR study

Received 11 March 2009 ,Accepted 13 May 2009.

References 

  1. Jakobsson B, Esbjorner E, Hansson S. Minimum incidence and diagnostic rate of first urinary tract infection. Pediatrics. 1999;104:222
  2. Marild S, Jodal U. Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87:549
  3. Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007;298:179
  4. Kanellopoulos TA, Salakos C, Spiliopoulou I, Elina A, Nikolakopoulou NM, Papanastasiou DA. First urinary tract infection in neonates, infants and young children: a comparative study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:1131
  5. Peru H, Bakkaloglu SA, Soylemezoglu O, Buyan N, Hasanoglu E. The relationship between urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in Turkish children. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;
  6. Oostenbrink R, van der Heijden AJ, Moons KG, Moll HA. Prediction of vesico-ureteric reflux in childhood urinary tract infection: a multivariate approach. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:806
  7. Leroy S, Marc E, Adamsbaum C, Gendrel D, Breart G, Chalumeau M. Prediction of vesicoureteral reflux after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children: validation of a clinical decision rule. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:241
  8. Leroy S, Adamsbaum C, Marc E, Moulin F, Raymond J, Gendrel D, et al. Procalcitonin as a predictor of vesicoureteral reflux in children with a first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e706
  9. Leroy S, Romanello C, Galetto-Lacour A, Smolkin V, Korczowski B, Rodrigo C, et al. Procalcitonin to reduce the number of unnecessary cystographies in children with a urinary tract infection: a European validation study. J Pediatr. 2007;150:89
  10. Swerkersson S, Jodal U, Sixt R, Stokland E, Hansson S. Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection and renal damage in children. J Urol. 2007;178:647
  11. Caione P, Villa M, Capozza N, De Gennaro M, Rizzoni G. Predictive risk factors for chronic renal failure in primary high-grade vesico-ureteric reflux. BJU Int. 2004;93:1309
  12. Soylu A, Demir BK, Turkmen M, Bekem O, Saygi M, Cakmakci H, et al. Predictors of renal scar in children with urinary infection and vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;
  13. Gordon I, Barkovics M, Pindoria S, Cole TJ, Woolf AS. Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:739
  14. Oh MM, Jin MH, Bae JH, Park HS, Lee JG, Moon du G. The role of vesicoureteral reflux in acute renal cortical scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation. J Urol. 2008;180:2167
  15. Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, Thongmak S, Lim A. Primary vesicoureteral reflux mediated renal scarring after urinary tract infection in Thai children. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008;13:38
  16. Lee JH, Son CH, Lee MS, Park YS. Vesicoureteral reflux increases the risk of renal scars: a study of unilateral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:1281
  17. Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikstrom S. Risk of renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux detected either antenatally or during the neonatal period. Urology. 2003;61:1238
  18. Nguyen HT, Bauer SB, Peters CA, Connolly LP, Gobet R, Borer JG, et al. 99m Technetium dimercapto-succinic acid renal scintigraphy abnormalities in infants with sterile high grade vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 2000;164:1674
  19. Wolfish NM, Delbrouck NF, Shanon A, Matzinger MA, Stenstrom R, Mclaine PN. Prevalence of hypertension in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr. 1993;123:559
  20. Vachvanichsanong P. Urinary tract infection: one lingering effect of childhood kidney diseases – review of the literature. J Nephrol. 2007;20:21
  21. Bernstein J, Arant BS. Morphological characteristics of segmental renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 1992;148:1712
  22. Torres VE, Kramer SA, Holley KE, Johnson CM, Hartman GW, Kallenius G, et al. Interaction of multiple risk factors in the pathogenesis of experimental reflux nephropathy in the pig. J Urol. 1985;133:131
  23. Birmingham Reflux Study Group. Prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe vesicoureteric reflux in children: five years' observation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:237
  24. Silva JM, Santos Diniz JS, Marino VS, Lima EM, Cardoso LS, Vasconcelos MA, et al. Clinical course of 735 children and adolescents with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:981
  25. Foresman WH, Hulbert WC, Rabinowitz R. Does urinary tract ultrasonography at hospitalization for acute pyelonephritis predict vesicoureteral reflux?. J Urol. 2001;165:2232
  26. Sreenarasimhaiah V, Alon US. Uroradiologic evaluation of children with urinary tract infection: are both ultrasonograpy and renal cortical scintigraphy necessary?. J Pediatr. 1995;127:373
  27. Giorgi LJ, Bratslavsky G, Kogan BA. Febrile urinary tract infections in infants: renal ultrasound remains necessary. J Urol. 2005;173:568
  28. Jahnukainen T, Honkinen O, Ruuskanen O, Mertsola J. Ultrasonography after the first febrile urinary tract infection in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2006;165:556
  29. Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:195
  30. Zamir G, Sakran W, Horowitz Y, Koren A, MIron D, et al. Urinary tract infection: is there a need for routine renal ultrasonography?. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:466
  31. Fretzayas A, Karpathios T, Dimitriou P, Nicolaidou P, Matsaniotis N. Grading of vesicoureteral reflux by radionuclide cystography. Pediatr Radiol. 1984;14:148
  32. Piscitelli A, Galiano R, Serrao F, Concolino D, Vitale R, D'Ambrosio G, et al. Which cystography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux?. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:107
  33. Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV, Smellie JM, Tamminen-Mobius TE. International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatr Radiol. 1985;15:105
  34. Kassis I, Kovalski Y, Magen D, Berkowitz D, Zelikovic I, et al. Early performance of voiding cystourethrogram after urinary tract infection in children. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10:453
  35. Herd DW, McAnulty KA, Keene NA, Sommerville DE. Conscious sedation reduces distress in children undergoing voiding cystourethrography and does not interfere with the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux: a randomized controlled study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:1621
  36. Bower G, Lovegrove FT, Geijsel H, Van der Schaff A, Guelfi G. Comparison of “direct” and “indirect” radionuclide cystography. J Nucl Med. 1985;26:465
  37. Gordon I, Peters AM, Morony S. Indirect radionuclide cystography: a sensitive technique for the detection of vesico-ureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 1990;4:604
  38. De Sadeleer C, De Boe V, Keuppens F, Desprechins B, Verboven M, Piepsz A. How good is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine indirect cystography?. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:223
  39. Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigstrom O, Sixt R, Stokland E, Wennerstrom M, et al. Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2004;172:1071
  40. Tseng MH, Lin WJ, Lo WT, Wang SR, Chu ML, Wang CC. Does a normal DMSA obviate the performance of voiding cystourethrography in evaluation of young children after their first urinary tract infection?. Int J Pediatr. 2007;150:96–99
  41. Edwards D, Normand IC, Prescod N, Smellie JM. Disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in children. Br Med J. 1977;2:285
  42. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, Valenciano B, Campos A, Young L. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006;117:626
  43. Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L, Bordugo A, Cattaneo A, Ronfani L, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1489
  44. Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N, Horen B, Ichay L, Leclair MD, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 2008;179:674
  45. Hodson EM, Wheeler DM, Vimalchandra D, Smith GH, Craig JC. Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;CD001532
  46. Wheeler D, Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, Roy LP, Smith G, Criag JC. Antibiotics and surgery for vesicoureteric reflux: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:688
  47. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, Freggonese F, Toffolo A, Gobber D, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):1064
  48. Shaikh N, Hoberman A, Wise B, Kurs-Lasky M, Kearney D, Naylor S, et al. Dysfunctional elimination syndrome: is it related to urinary tract infection or vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed early in life?. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1134
  49. Snodgrass W. Relationship of voiding dysfunction to urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in children. Urology. 1991;38:341
  50. Snodgrass W. The impact of treated dysfunctional voiding on the nonsurgical management of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol. 1823;160:1998
  51. Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H, Hoyer PF. Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:785
  52. O'Donnell B, Puri P. Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux by endoscopic injection of Teflon. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;289:7
  53. Haferkamp A, Contractor H, Mohring K, Staehler G, Dorsam J. Failure of subureteral bovine collagen injection for the endoscopic treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in long-term follow-up. Urology. 2000;55:759
  54. Stenberg A, Lackgren G. A new bioimplant for the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux: experimental and short-term clinical results. J Urol. 1995;154:800
  55. Wadie GM, Tirabassi MV, Courtney RA, Moriarty KP, et al. The deflux procedure reduces the incidence of urinary tract infections in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2007;17:353
  56. Sedberry-Ross S, Rice DC, Pohl HG, Belman AB, Majd M, Rushton HG. Febrile urinary tract infections in children with an early negative voiding cystourethrogram after treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid. J Urol. 2008;180:1605

☆ The Randomized Intervention for the Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) Study, Funded by the NIH/NIDDK.

PII: S1477-5131(09)00351-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.05.010

Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 5, Issue 5 , Pages 336-341 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution