Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 283-286 , August 2009

Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with severity of hypospadias: A comparison of mild and severe cases

  • William H. Carlson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
    • ,
  • Stephen R. Kisely

      Affiliations

    • Queensland Centre for Health Data Services, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
    • Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
    • ,
  • Dawn L. MacLellan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 9700, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3K 6R8. Tel.: +902 470 8943; fax: +902 470 8267.

Received 21 October 2008 ,Accepted 10 December 2008.

References 

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  2. Paulozzi LJ. International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107:297
  3. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Nelson V, Selvin S, Torfs CP, Curry CJ. Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2003;14:701
  4. Porter MP, Faizan MK, Grady RW, Mueller BA. Hypospadias in Washington State: maternal risk factors and prevalence trends. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e495
  5. Schnack TH, Zdravkovic S, Myrup C, Westergaard T, Christensen K, Wohlfahrt J, et al. Familial aggregation of hypospadias: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:251
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  8. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Laurent C, Olney RS, Lammer EJ, National Birth Defects Prevention Study . Maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics as risk factors for hypospadias. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007;21:210
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  16. Fernandez MF, Olmos B, Granada A, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Molina-Molina JM, Fernandez JM, et al. Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:8
  17. Pulkrabova J, Hradkova P, Hajslova J, Poustka J, Napravnikova M, Polacek V. Brominated flame retardants and other organochlorine pollutants in human adipose tissue samples from the Czech Republic. Environ Int. 2009;35(1):63–68
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PII: S1477-5131(08)00452-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.12.005

Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 283-286 , August 2009

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