Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 4, Issue 6 , Pages 414-421 , December 2008

Reflux nephropathy

  • Marc Cendron

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +1 617 355 7796; fax: +1 617 730 0474.

Received 24 January 2008 ,Accepted 29 April 2008.

References 

  1. Bailey RR. The relationship of vesico-ureteric reflux to urinary tract infection and chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 1973;1:132–141
  2. Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK, et al. The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol. 1997;80:319–327
  3. Conway JJ, King LR, Belman AB, et al. Detection of VUR with radionuclide cystography. A comparison study with roentgenographic cystography. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1972;115:720–727
  4. Elison BS, Taylor D, Van der Wall H, et al. Comparison of DMSA scintigraphy with intravenous urography for the detection of renal scarring and its correlation with vesicoureteric reflux. Br J Urol. 1992;69:294–302
  5. Goldraich NP, Ramos OL, Goldraich IH. Urography versus DMSA scan in children with vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 1989;3:1–5
  6. Rushton HG. The evaluation of acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring with technetium 99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy: evolving concepts and future directions. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:108–120
  7. Hodson CJ, Edwards D. Chronic pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteric reflex. Clin Radiol. 1960;11:219–231
  8. Rolleston GL, Shannon FT, Utley WL. Relationship of infantile vesicoureteric reflux to renal damage. Br Med J. 1970;1:460–463
  9. Roberts JA. VUR and pyelonephritis in the monkey: a review. J Urol. 1992;148:1721–1725
  10. Hill J, Kalkanci O, McMurry JL, et al. Hydrodynamic surface interactions enable Escherichia coli to seek efficient routes to swim upstream. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;98:068101
  11. Ransley PG, Risdon RA. Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig. Urol Res. 1975;3:105–109
  12. Kincaid-Smith P. Glomerular lesions in atrophic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl. 1975;4:S81–S83
  13. Kincaid-Smith PS. Diffuse parenchymal lesions in reflux nephropathy and the possibility of making a renal biopsy diagnosis in reflux nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol. 1984;39:111–115
  14. Risdon RA. Renal dysplasia. I. A clinico-pathological study of 76 cases. J Clin Pathol. 1971;24:57–71
  15. Matsell DG. Renal dysplasia: new approaches to an old problem. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:535–543
  16. Mackie GG, Stephens FD. Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol. 1975;114:274–280
  17. Murawski IJ, Gupta IR. Vesicoureteric reflux and renal malformations: a developmental problem. Clin Genet. 2006;69:105–117
  18. Pope JC, Brock JW, Adams MC, et al. How they begin and how they end: classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:2018–2028
  19. Bialestock D. Studies of renal malformations and pyelonephritis in children, with and without associated VUR and obstruction. Aust N Z J Surg. 1965;35:120–135
  20. Burge DM, Griffiths MD, Malone PS, et al. Fetal VUR: outcome following conservative postnatal management. J Urol. 1992;148:1743–1745
  21. Nguyen HT, Bauer SB, Peters CA, et al. 99m Technetium dimercapto-succinic acid renal scintigraphy abnormalities in infants with sterile high grade VUR. J Urol. 2000;164:1674–1678discussion 8–9
  22. Rushton HG, Majd M, Jantausch B, et al. Renal scarring following reflux and nonreflux pyelonephritis in children: evaluation with 99mtechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. J Urol. 1992;147:1327–1332
  23. Polk HC. Notes on Galenic urology. Urol Surv. 1965;15:2–6
  24. Hutch JA. VUR in the paraplegic: cause and correction. J Urol. 1952;68:457–469
  25. Hodson CJ. The radiological diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;52:669–672
  26. Rolleston GL, Maling TM, Hodson CJ. Intrarenal reflux and the scarred kidney. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:531–539
  27. Stecker JF, Rose JG, Gillenwater JY. Dysplastic kidneys associated with VUR. J Urol. 1973;110:341–343
  28. Zerin JM, Ritchey ML, Chang AC. Incidental VUR in neonates with antenatally detected hydronephrosis and other renal abnormalities. Radiology. 1993;187:157–160
  29. Anderson PA, Rickwood AM. Features of primary vesicoureteric reflux detected by prenatal sonography. Br J Urol. 1991;67:267–271
  30. Estrada C, Peters C, Retik A, et al. VUR and urinary tract infection in children with a history of mild to moderate prenatal hydronephrosis: should a VCUG be performed? J Urol 2007; in press.
  31. Greenfield SP, Ng M, Wan J. Experience with VUR in children: clinical characteristics. J Urol. 1997;158:574–577
  32. Gross GW, Lebowitz RL. Infection does not cause reflux. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:929–932
  33. Cooper CS, Chung BI, Kirsch AJ, et al. The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with VUR. J Urol. 2000;163:269–272discussion 72–73
  34. Thompson RH, Chen JJ, Pugach J, et al. Cessation of prophylactic antibiotics for managing persistent VUR. J Urol. 2001;166:1465–1469
  35. Naseer SR, Steinhardt GF. New renal scars in children with urinary tract infections, VUR and voiding dysfunction: a prospective evaluation. J Urol. 1997;158:566–568
  36. Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS, et al. Pediatric VUR Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of primary VUR in children. J Urol. 1997;157:1846–1851
  37. Orellana P, Baquedano P, Rangarajan V, et al. Relationship between acute pyelonephritis, renal scarring, and VUR. Results of a coordinated research project. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:1122–1126
  38. Haszon I, Friedman AL, Papp F, et al. ACE gene polymorphism and renal scarring in primary vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:1027–1031
  39. Olbing H, Claesson I, Ebel K-D, et al. Renal scars and parenchymal thinning in children with VUR: a 5-year report of the International Reflux Study in Children (European Branch). J Urol. 1992;148:1653–1656
  40. Pylkkanen J, Vilska J, Koskimies O. The value of level diagnosis of childhood urinary tract infection in predicting renal injury. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70:879–883
  41. Jodal U. The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987;1:713–729
  42. Feather SA, Malcolm S, Woolf AS, et al. Primary, nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux and its nephropathy is genetically heterogeneous, with a locus on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;66:1420–1425
  43. Ozen S, Alikasifoglu M, Saatci U, et al. Implications of certain genetic polymorphisms in scarring in vesicoureteric reflux: importance of ACE polymorphism. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34:140–145
  44. Yoneda A, Cascio S, Oue T, et al. Risk factors for the development of renal parenchymal damage in familial VUR. J Urol. 2002;168:1704–1707
  45. Jerkins GR, Noe HN. Familial VUR: a prospective study. J Urol. 1982;128:774–778
  46. Wan J, Greenfield SP, Ng M, et al. Sibling reflux: a dual center retrospective study. J Urol. 1996;156:677–679
  47. Connolly LP, Treves ST, Zurakowski D, et al. Natural history of VUR in siblings. J Urol. 1996;156:1805–1807
  48. Kaefer M, Curran M, Treves ST, et al. Sibling VUR in multiple gestation births. Pediatrics. 2000;105:800–804
  49. Vesicoureteric reflux: all in the genes? Report of a meeting of physicians at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London. Lancet. 1996;348:725–728
  50. Arant BS. Medical management of mild and moderate VUR: followup studies of infants and young children. A preliminary report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Urol. 1992;148:1683–1687
  51. Askari A, Belman AB. VUR in black girls. J Urol. 1982;127:747–748
  52. Horowitz M, Gershbein AB, Glassberg KI. VUR in infants with prenatal hydronephrosis confirmed at birth: racial differences. J Urol. 1999;161:248–250
  53. West W, Venugopal S. The low frequency of reflux in Jamaican children. Pediatr Radiol. 1993;23:591–593
  54. Blane CE, DiPietro MA, Zerin JM, et al. Renal sonography is not a reliable screening examination for VUR. J Urol. 1993;150:752–755
  55. Stokland E, Hellstrom M, Jacobsson B, et al. Evaluation of DMSA scintigraphy and urography in assessing both acute and permanent renal damage in children. Acta Radiol. 1998;39:447–452
  56. Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigstrom O, et al. Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2004;172:1071–1073discussion 3–4
  57. Agras K, Ortapamuk H, Naldoken S, Tuncel A, Atan A. Resolution of cortical lesions on serial renal scans in children with acute pyelonephritis. Pediatr Radiol. 2007;37:153–158
  58. Mingin GC, Nguyen HT, Baskin LS, et al. Abnormal dimercapto-succinic acid scans predict an increased risk of breakthrough infection in children with VUR. J Urol. 2004;172:1075–1077discussion 7
  59. Moorthy I, Easty M, McHugh K, et al. The presence of vesicoureteric reflux does not identify a population at risk for renal scarring following a first urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:733–736
  60. Rushton HG, Majd M. Dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy for the evaluation of pyelonephritis and scarring: a review of experimental and clinical studies. J Urol. 1992;148:1726–1732
  61. Beetz R, Schulte-Wissermann H, Troger J, et al. Long-term follow-up of children with surgically treated vesicorenal reflux: postoperative incidence of urinary tract infections, renal scars and arterial hypertension. Eur Urol. 1989;16:366–371
  62. Smellie JM, Prescod NP, Shaw PJ, et al. Childhood reflux and urinary infection: a follow-up of 10–41years in 226 adults. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12:727–736
  63. Farnham SB, Adams MC, Brock JW, Pope JC. Pediatric urological causes of hypertension. J Urol. 2005;173:697–704
  64. Bailey RR, McRae CU, Maling TM, et al. Renal vein renin concentration in the hypertension of unilateral reflux nephropathy. J Urol. 1978;120:21–23
  65. Dillon MJ, Smellie JM. Peripheral plasma renin activity, hypertension and renal scarring in children. Contrib Nephrol. 1984;39:68–80
  66. Goonasekera CD, Shah V, Wade AM, et al. 15-year follow-up of renin and blood pressure in reflux nephropathy. Lancet. 1996;347:640–643
  67. Wolfish NM, Delbrouck NF, Shanon A, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in children with primary VUR. J Pediatr. 1993;123:559–563
  68. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289:2363–2369
  69. Zhang Y, Bailey RR. A long term follow up of adults with reflux nephropathy. N Z Med J. 1995;108:142–144
  70. Kohler J, Tencer J, Thysell H, et al. VUR diagnosed in adulthood. Incidence of urinary tract infections, hypertension, proteinuria, back pain and renal calculi. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2580–2587
  71. Broyer M, Donckerwolcke RA, Brunner FP, et al. Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation of children in Europe. 1980 Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1981;18:60–87
  72. The North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. NAPRTCS 2006 Annual Report. Available at: <emmes.com/study/ped/annlrept/annlrept2006.pdf>.
  73. Ardissino G, Avolio L, Dacco V, et al. Long-term outcome of VUR associated chronic renal failure in children. Data from the ItalKid Project. J Urol. 2004;172:305–1
  74. Craig JC, Irwig LM, Knight JF, et al. Does treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in childhood prevent end-stage renal disease due to reflux nephropathy?. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1236–1241
  75. Berger RE, Ansell JS, Shurtleff DB, et al. VUR in children with uremia. Prognostic indicators for treatment and survival. JAMA. 1981;246:56–59
  76. Cotran RS. Nephrology Forum. Glomerulosclerosis in reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1982;21:528–534
  77. Risdon RA, Yeung CK, Ransley PG. Reflux nephropathy in children submitted to unilateral nephrectomy: a clinicopathological study. Clin Nephrol. 1993;40:308–314
  78. Assael BM, Guez S, Marra G, et al. Congenital reflux nephropathy: a follow-up of 108 cases diagnosed perinatally. Br J Urol. 1998;82:252–257
  79. Warady BA, Hebert D, Sullivan EK, et al. Renal transplantation, chronic dialysis, and chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents. The 1995 Annual Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:49–64
  80. A prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe vesico-ureteric reflux: 2years' observation in 96 children. The Birmingham Reflux Study Group. Contrib Nephrol. 1984;39:169–185
  81. Polito C, La Manna A, Capacchione A, et al. Height and weight in children with vesicoureteric reflux and renal scarring. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10:564–567
  82. Polito C, Marte A, Zamparelli M, et al. Catch-up growth in children with vesico-ureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:164–168
  83. Coulthard MG. Is reflux nephropathy preventable, and will the NICE childhood UTI guidelines help?. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93:196–199

PII: S1477-5131(08)00312-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.04.009

Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 4, Issue 6 , Pages 414-421 , December 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution