Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Pages 443-452 , December 2007

Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis, risk factors, associated familial factors and urinary pathology among school children in Iran

Received 23 March 2007 ,Accepted 11 June 2007.

References 

  1. MacMahon B, Pugh TF. Epidemiology: principles and methods. Boston: Little Brown; 1970;
  2. Foxman B, Valdez RB, Brook RH. Childhood enuresis: prevalence, perceived impact and prescribed treatments. Pediatrics. 1986;77:482–487
  3. Moffat MEK. Nocturnal enuresis: psychologic implications of treatment and nontreatment. J Pediatr. 1989;114:697–704
  4. Alon US. Nocturnal enuresis. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:94–103
  5. Butler RJ. Annotation: night wetting in children: psychological aspects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:453–463
  6. Byrd RS, Weitzman M, Lanphear NE, Auinger P. Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavioral problems. Pediatrics. 1996;98:414–419
  7. Hackett R, Hackett L, Bhakta P, Gowers S. Enuresis and encopresis in a south Indian population of children. Child Care Health Dev. 2001;27:35–46
  8. Chiozza ML, Bernardinelli L, Caione P, Del Gado R, Ferrara P, Giorgi PL, et al. An Italian epidemiological multicentre study of nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol. 1998;81:S86–S89
  9. Lee SD, Sohn DW, Lee JZ, Park NC, Chung MK. An epidemiological study of enuresis in Korean children. BJU Int. 2000;85:869–873
  10. Kanaheswari Y. Epidemiology of childhood nocturnal enuresis in Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39:118–123
  11. Cher TW, Lin GJ, Hsu KH. Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated familial factors in primary school children in Taiwan. J Urol. 2002;168:1142–1146
  12. Hansakunachai T, Ruangdaraganon N, Udomsubpayakul U, Sombuntham T, Kotchabhakdi N. Epidemiology of enuresis among school-age children in Thailand. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26(5):356–360
  13. Gür E, Turhan P, Can G, Akkus S, Sever L, Guzeloz S, et al. Enuresis: prevalence, risk factors and urinary pathology among school children in Istanbul, Turkey. Pediatr Int. 2004;46:58–63
  14. Bower WF, Moore KH, Shepherd RB, Adams RD. The epidemiology of childhood enuresis in Australia. Br J Urol. 1996;78:602–606
  15. Kalo BB, Bella H. Enuresis: prevalence and associated factors among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1217–1222
  16. Yeung CK. Nocturnal enuresis in Hong Kong: different Chinese phenotypes. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1996;183:17–21
  17. Spee-van der Wekke J, Hirasing RA, Meulmeester JF, Radder JJ. Childhood nocturnal enuresis in the Netherlands. Urology. 1998;51:1022–1026
  18. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 1986;78:884–890
  19. Rahim IA, Cederblad M. Epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis in a part of Khartoum, Sudan the extensive study. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986;75:1017–1020
  20. Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1994;
  21. Chang P, Chen WJ, Tsai WY, Chin YN. An epidemiological study of nocturnal enuresis in Taiwanese children. BJU Int. 2001;87:678–681
  22. Serel TA, Akhan G, Koyuncuoglu HR, Ozturk A, Dogruer K, Unal S, et al. Epidemiology of enuresis in Turkish children. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997;31:537–539
  23. Hellström AL, Hanson E, Hansson S, Hjälmas K, Jodal V. Micturition habits and incontinence in 7-year-old Swedish school entrants. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149:434–437
  24. Verhulst FC, van der Lee JH, Akkerhuis GW, Sanders-Woudstra JAR, Timmer FC, Donkhorst ID. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis: do DSM III criteria need to be changed? A brief research report. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1985;26:989–993
  25. Devlin JB. Prevalence and risk factors for childhood nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Child. 1992;84:118–120
  26. Oppel WC, Harber PA, Rider RV. The age of attaining bladder control. Pediatrics. 1968;42:614–626
  27. Bloom DA, Seeley WW, Ritchey ML, McGuire EJ. Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. J Urol. 1993;149:1087–1090
  28. Watanabe H, Kawauchi A. Nocturnal enuresis: social aspects and treatment perspectives in Japan. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1994;163(suppl.):29–38
  29. McGee R, Makinson T, Williams S, Simpson A, Silva P. A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years. Aust Paediatr J. 1984;20:39–42
  30. Järvelin MR, Vikeväinen-Tervonen L, Moilamen I, Huttunen NP. Enuresis in seven-year-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77:148–153
  31. Lottmann H. Enuresis treatment in France. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202(suppl.):66–69
  32. Mattsson S. Urinary incontinence and nocturia in healthy schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr. 1994;83:950–954
  33. Schulpen TW, Hirasing RA, de Jong TP, van der Heyden AJ, Dijkstra RH, Sukhai RN, et al. Going Dutch in nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:199–203
  34. Moilanen I, Tirkkonen T, Jarvelin MR, Linna SL, Almqvist F, Piha J, et al. A follow-up of enuresis from childhood to adolescence. Br J Urol. 1998;81(suppl.3):94–97
  35. Gümus B, Vurgun N, Lekili M, Iscan A, Müezzinogˇlu T, Büyüksu C. Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and accompanying factors in children aged 7–11 years in Turkey. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:1369–1372
  36. Liu X, Sun Z, Uchiyama M, Li Y, Okawa M. Attaining nocturnal urinary control, nocturnal enuresis, and behavioral problems in Chinese children aged 6 through 16 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:1557–1564
  37. Nuhriawangsa I, Surjono S. Enuresis among schoolchildren aged 4–7 years in Yogyakarta. J Psychiatr Assoc Thailand. 1981;26:157–169
  38. Rutter M, Yule W, Graham P. Enuresis and behavioral deviance: some epidemiological considerations. In:  Kolvin I,  MacKeith RC,  Meadow SP editor. Bladder control and enuresis clinics in developmental medicine. Washington: Lippincott; 1973;p. 47–57
  39. Schmitt BD. Nocturnal enuresis. Pediatr Rev. 1997;18:183–190
  40. Haque M, Ellerstein NS, Gundy JH, Shelov SP, Weiss JC, McIntire MS, et al. Parental perceptions of enuresis: a collaborative study. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:809–811
  41. Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:259–263
  42. Goin RP. Nocturnal enuresis in children. Child Care Health Dev. 1998;24:277–288
  43. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M. Nocturnal enuresis in a nationwide twin cohort. Sleep. 1998;21:579–585
  44. von Gontard A, Hollmann E, Eiberg H, Benden B, Rittig S, Lehmkuhl G. Clinical enuresis phenotypes in familial nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997;183(suppl.):11–16
  45. Hollmann E, Von Gontard A, Eiberg H, Rittig S, Lehmkuhl G. Molecular genetic, clinical and psychiatric associations in nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol. 1998;81(suppl.3):37–39
  46. Arnell H, Hjalmas K, Jagervall M, Lackgren G, Stenberg A, Bengtsson B, et al. The genetics of primary nocturnal enuresis: inheritance and suggestion of a second major gene on chromosome 12q. J Med Genet. 1997;34:360–365
  47. Eiberg H, Shaumburg HL, Von Gontard A, Rittig S. Linkage study of a large Danish 4-generation family with urge incontinence and nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2001;166:2401–2403
  48. Eiberg H, Berendt I, Mohr J. Assignment of dominant inherited nocturnal enuresis (ENUR1) to chromosome 13q. Nat Genet. 1995;10:354–356
  49. von Gontard A, Eiberg H, Hollmann E, Rittig S, Lehmkuhl G. Molecular genetics of nocturnal enuresis: linkage to a locus on chromosome 22. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202(suppl.):76–80
  50. Eiberg H. Total genome scan analysis in a single extended family for primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). Evidence for a new locus (ENUR 3) for PNE on chromosome 22q.11. Eur Urol. 1998;33:34–36
  51. von Gontard A, Eiberg H, Hollmann E, Rittig S, Lehmkuhl G. Molecular genetics of nocturnal enuresis: clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87:571–578
  52. von Gontard A, Schaumburg H, Hollmann E, Eiberg H, Rittig S. The genetics of enuresis—a review. J Urol. 2001;166:2438–2443
  53. Mark SD, Frank JD. Nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol. 1995;75:427–434
  54. Dische S. Childhood enuresis. Practitioner. 1978;221:323–330
  55. Rona RJ, Li I, Chinn S. Determinants of nocturnal enuresis in England and Scotland in the '90s. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:677–681
  56. Eapen V, Mabrouk AM. Prevalence and correlates of nocturnal enuresis in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:49–51
  57. Akis N, Irgil E, Aytekin N. Enuresis and the effective factors a case control study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2002;36:199–203
  58. Bakwin H. The genetic of enuresis. In:  Kolvin RM,  Meadows SR editor. Bladder control and enuresis. London: Medical Books Ltd; 1973;p. 73–77
  59. Hjalmas K, Arnold T, Bower W, Caione P, Chiozza LM, von Gontard A, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: an international evidence based management strategy. J Urol. 2004;171:2545–2561
  60. von Gontard A. Annotation: day and night wetting in children—a pediatric and child psychiatric perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:439–451
  61. Osungbade KO, Oshiname FO. Prevalence and perception of nocturnal enuresis in children of a rural community in southwestern Nigeria. Trop Doct. 2003;33:234–236
  62. Smedje H, Broman JE, Hetta J. Parents' reports of disturbed sleep in 5–7-year-old Swedish children. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:858–865
  63. Neveus T, Hetta J, Cnattingius S, Tuvemo T, Lackgren G, Olsson U, et al. Depth of sleep and sleep habits among enuretic and incontinent children. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:748–752
  64. Watanabe H, Kawauchi A. Locus coeruleus function in enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202(Suppl.):14–17
  65. Graham P. Depth of sleep in enuresis: a critical review. In: Bladder control and enuresis. London: Heinemann; 1973;p. 18–83
  66. Norgaard JP, Djurhuus JC. The pathophysiology of enuresis in children and young adults. Clin Pediatr. 1993;32:5–9
  67. Shelov SP, Gundy J, Weiss JC, McIntire MS, Olness K, Staub HP, et al. Enuresis: a contrast of attitudes of parents and physicians. Pediatrics. 1981;67:707–710

PII: S1477-5131(07)00367-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2007.06.001

Journal of Pediatric Urology
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Pages 443-452 , December 2007