Treatment and outcome of prenatally detected newborn hydronephrosis

Abstract 

Objective

For neonates with antenatally diagnosed primary ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)-type hydronephrosis, to attempt to clarify and refine criteria for establishing optimal follow-up and treatment guidelines.

Patients and methods

A total of 162 newborns (228 hydronephrotic kidneys) with this condition were prospectively followed and treated by the same surgeon in 2001–2005 for a mean of 53 (13–72) months. Ultrasonography and diuretic renogram were used for diagnosis and follow up, and Onen's grading system to determine degree of hydronephrosis.

Results

On first postnatal ultrasound, the severity of hydronephrosis was grade 1 in 152 kidneys (surgery, 0%), 2 in 41 (surgery, 19.5%), 3 in 19 (surgery, 42.1%), and 4 in 16 kidneys (surgery, 93.8%). All the grade 1 cases resolved spontaneously without renal deterioration (renal function >40%). Renal function ranged between 7% and 34% in grade 4 patients. Overall, 201 hydronephrotic kidneys (88.2%) resolved spontaneously, while 27 (11.8%) required pyeloplasty because of evidence of obstructive injury, including increased hydronephrosis in 14/27 (6/27 had less than 10% decrease in renal function), greater than 10% decrease of renal function in 9/27, and greater than 10% decrease of renal function as well as increased hydronephrosis in 4/27 patients (15%).

Conclusion

In most cases, neonatal hydronephrosis is a relatively benign condition that can be followed safely by an initial non-operative approach unless there is evidence of obstructive injury. A follow-up protocol that permits early identification of a limited number of kidneys that may develop signs of obstruction and require pyeloplasty is crucial for a favorable outcome in patients with primary UPJ-type hydronephrosis. Onen's hydronephrosis grading system promises an easier and more appropriate follow up and timely treatment for children with this condition. A sufficient follow-up interval, especially during the first 3years of life, is essential to help prevent permanent loss of renal function in kidneys that do develop signs of obstruction.

Keywords: Children, Hydronephrosis, Follow up, Treatment