Hypospadias and anorectal malformations mediated by defective Eph/ephrin signaling☆☆☆

Abstract 

Purpose

Despite extensive research, the molecular basis of hypospadias and anorectal malformations is poorly understood, likely due to a multifactorial basis. The incidence of hypospadias is increasing, thus making research in this area warranted and timely. This review presents recent molecular work broadening our understanding of these disorders.

Materials and methods

A brief review of our recent work and the literature on the role of Eph/ephrin signaling in hypospadias and anorectal malformations is presented.

Results

Genetically engineered mice mutant for ephrin-B2 or EphB2;EphB3 manifest a variety of genitourinary and anorectal malformations. Approximately 40% of adult male ephrin-B2^lacZ/+ heterozygous mice demonstrate perineal hypospadias. Although homozygous mice die soon after birth, 100% of homozygous males demonstrate high imperforate anus with urethral anomalies and 100% of homozygous females demonstrate persistent cloaca. Male mice compound homozygous null for EphB2;EphB3 also demonstrate hypospadias.

Conclusions

These mouse models provide compelling evidence of the role of B-class Eph/ephrin signaling in genitourinary/anorectal development and add to our mechanistic and molecular understanding of normal and abnormal embryonic development. As research on these molecules continues, they will likely be shown to contribute to the multifactorial basis of hypospadias and anorectal malformations in humans as well.

Keywords: Hypospadias, Anorectal malformation, Mice, Children, EphB, ephrin-B2, Endocrine disruptors