A study of risk factors for hypospadias in the Rhône-Alpes region (France)☆

Abstract 

Objective

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital urogenital malformations in males with a significantly increasing incidence over the past 20years. The causes of this insufficient virilization of the genital tubercle are essentially unknown.

Subjects and methods

A hospital-based controlled study was realized with 225 hypospadias cases at Debrousse Hospital, Lyon, using a detailed questionnaire completed during a consultation with the patients’ parents and those of controls of the same age. The χ², the P-value, the odds ratios and the 95% confidence interval were assessed.

Results

Hypospadias was found to be positively associated with genetic factors (as defined by the presence of other case(s) in the family in one case in four) and with neonatal low birth weight, fair-haired boys, maternal history such as viral infection during the first trimester, order of parity, toxaemia of pregnancy, delivery modality such as caesarean section, and environmental pollution.

Conclusions

These results show that aetiological factors of hypospadias are likely to be related to three main fields which interact: genes, the placenta and environmental factors.

Keywords: Hypospadias, Risk factors